Psalms 135–136

Psalms 135 and 136 are closely connected hymnic psalms that focus on praising Yahweh (God) for His mighty acts in creation and Israel’s history, especially the Exodus and conquest of the Promised Land. Scholars often call them "twin psalms" because of their strong similarities in structure, themes, and liturgical function, yet each has its own distinct theological emphasis.

Key Themes and Structure

  • Psalm 135 is a community hymn that calls God's servants to praise Him for His greatness, His creative power over nature, His supremacy over other gods, and His mighty deeds in history. This includes the plagues on Egypt, the defeat of enemy kings like Sihon and Og, and the gift of the Promised Land to Israel. The psalm dismisses idols as powerless and calls various groups within Israel (house of Israel, Aaron, Levi, those who fear the Lord) to bless the Lord.

  • Psalm 136 is structured with a repeated refrain, "For His mercy endures forever," after each verse, emphasizing God's steadfast love as demonstrated throughout creation, deliverance from Egypt, provision for Israel, and ongoing care for the world. It recounts many of the same historical and cosmic acts as Psalm 135 but highlights the enduring character of God’s mercy.

Literary and Theological Function

  • Both psalms recall God's "Heilsgeschichte" (salvation history), particularly Exodus motifs such as redemption from Egypt, wilderness wandering, and conquest, reinforcing God's unique role as protector and provider of Israel.

  • They contrast Yahweh’s power with the impotence of idols, which are described as lifeless and unable to help their worshipers, reinforcing Yahweh’s universal sovereignty and covenant faithfulness.

  • Psalm 135 and 136 serve as liturgical hymns used in temple worship (standing in "the house of the Lord"), potentially as part of the Songs of Ascents pilgrimage tradition or temple praise rites.

  • Psalm 135 begins and ends with a call to "Praise the LORD!" reflecting a reasoned, joyful response to God’s holiness and mighty works, while Psalm 136’s refrain invites congregational participation, underscoring God's unfailing love as the motivation for praise.

Summary Table

Aspect Psalm 135 Psalm 136
Focus God’s greatness, supremacy, mighty acts God's enduring mercy and steadfast love
Structure Hymn/call to praise, narrative of deeds Litany with repeated refrain
Content Highlights Creation, Egypt plagues, victories over kings, heritage of Israel Creation, deliverance from Egypt, protection, provision
Liturgical Use Temple worship, possibly Songs of Ascents Temple worship with responsive refrain
Theological Emphasis God’s power and justice vs. idols God’s mercy enduring forever

In essence, Psalms 135 and 136 together form a powerful double hymn celebrating Yahweh’s universal kingship and covenantal faithfulness expressed through cosmic creation and Israel’s history. They call worshippers to remember and praise God continuously for His mighty and merciful acts.

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